Experimental inbreeding reduces seed production and germination independent of fragmentation of populations of Swertia perennis
نویسندگان
چکیده
We studied effects of inbreeding on the early fitness measures seed production and germination in Swertia perennis L. (Gentianaceae), a locally abundant specialist of fen grasslands, which have been greatly fragmented in Switzerland. We further tested whether such effects differed between populations of different size and isolation. We studied effects of free pollination, hand-outcrossing and hand-selfing on 160 plants in 16 populations in large, in small barely isolated, and in small isolated habitat islands. We found a distinct gradient in experimental outcomes from free pollination to hand-outcrossing to hand-selfing. Compared with free pollination, selfing reduced the number of seeds per capsule by 22% (P < 0.01), the seed/ovule ratio by 26% (P < 0.001), seed mass by 25% (P < 0.001) and germination percentage by 23% (P < 0.05). The outcome of hand-outcrossing was intermediate for all traits. The reduction in early fitness components after selfing is most likely due to inbreeding depression. Higher seed production and germination after free pollination than after hand-outcrossing may be due to a larger number of pollen donors involved in free pollination or due to higher quality of free pollen because of lower relatedness of parent plants. Moreover, the fact that seed production was highest after free pollination indicates that S. perennis is not pollen limited. Pollination treatment effects did not differ between different island types. Hence, there are no indications that early inbreeding depression was purged from more strongly fragmented populations. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen von Inzucht auf die frühen Fitnessmerkmale Samenproduktion und Keimung bei der lokal häufigen Swertia perennis L. (Gentianaceae), einer Pflanze der in der Schweiz stark fragmentierten Flachmoore. Um zu untersuchen, ob sich solche Auswirkungen in verschieden großen und unterschiedlich isolierten Populationen unterscheiden, verglichen wir die Auswirkungen von freier Bestäubung, Handfremdbestäubung und Handselbstbestäubung für 160 Pflanzen in 16 Populationen in großen, in kleinen wenig isolierten und in kleinen isolierten Habitatinseln. Wir fanden einen ausgeprägten Gradienten von freier Bestäubung über Fremdbestäubung von Hand zu Handselbstbestäubung: Im Vergleich zu freier Bestäubung war nach Selbstbestäubung die Anzahl Samen pro Kapsel um 22% (P < 0.01), der Samenansatz um 26% (P < 0.001), die Samenmasse um 25% (P < 0.001) und der Keimungserfolg um 23% (P < 0.05) herabgesetzt. Die Resultate der Handfremdbestäubung waren für alle Maße intermediär. Die Herabsetzung von Merkmalen früher Fitness von S. perennis nach Selbstbestäubung ist höchstwahrscheinlich eine Folge von Inzuchtdepression. Der im Vergleich zu Handfremdbestäubung nach freier Bestäubung höhere Fortpflanzungserfolg und die höhere Keimung könnten durch eine größere Anzahl zu freier Bestäubung beitragende Pollenspender oder durch geringere Verwandtschaft der in freier *Corresponding author: Judit Lienert, EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology), Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland, Phone: ++41-1-823 55 74, Fax: ++41-1-823 53 89, E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.elsevier-deutschland.de/baae Bestäubung beteiligten Elternpflanzen bedingt sein. Dass die Samenproduktion nach freier Bestäubung am höchsten war, deutet auch darauf hin, dass S. perennis nicht pollenlimitiert ist. Die Effekte der Bestäubungsbehandlungen unterschieden sich nicht zwischen Populationen der verschiedenen Habitatinseltypen. Es gibt also keinen Hinweis darauf, dass frühe Inzuchtdepression aus kleinen und stärker isolierten Habitatinseln ausgemerzt wurde.
منابع مشابه
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